Bullying in school

Introduction Bullying can be defined as aggressive behavior that takes into account unwanted and negative actions toward another person or group of people. It is a situation whereby people repeatedly and intentionally use actions or words against others with an aim of causing distress and risks to them. Bullying is mostly evident when there is an imbalance of power among individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bullying in school specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, powerful or influential people are said to practice or bully other learners (Olweus, 1993, p. 20). In addition to this, those in power tend to bully others with an aim of making them feel less powerful. Bullying is totally different from conflict though it has been evident that some people bully others because of conflict. The purpose of this study is to explore bullying as it applies in the learning institutions such as schools (Olweus, 1993, p. 45). Discussion There are three different types of bullying namely face-to-face bullying, covert bullying and cyber bullying. Despite their differences, the results are the same that is distress and pain to the people being bullied. Face-to-face bullying is an interesting area of study because it clearly demonstrates bullying in school (Espelage Swearer 2004, p. 71). Students tend to think that bullying is harmless by considering it as a part of life or growth for juniors to experience. In contrary, bullying is harmful because it can result to physical harm, loneliness, insecurity and unhappiness to students being bullied. Face-to-face bullying involves actions such as kicking or punching, insulting and name-calling (Smith, Pepler Rigby, 2004, p. 57). Historical roots of bullying Students consider bullying as a school culture even though it is contrary to the school rules and regulations of schools. From historical point of view, bullying is often associated with senior s tudents who perceive themselves as being more powerful than juniors. In regard to this, new comers or first year students are the victim of bullying (McGrath, 2006, p. 23). It has been noted that bullying gains its historical roots from the discipline of the school. This is to mean that the origin of bullying could be traced back to the history of the school based on the aspect of discipline. In schools whereby discipline is lacking, there are high levels of bullying among students because there are no active rules that can hinder them from bullying each other (Van- Krieken, Habibis, Smith, et al, 2010, p. 34). However, it was further noted that students bully each other because they have been bullied before meaning that they bully others as way of revenge of what happened to them (Rigby, 2007, p. 61).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research and Statistical Reports on Bullying In Sch ools Through a review of several researches conducted in the U.S. based on bullying in public school it was evident that eighty percent (80%) of public school experience some incidence of bullying among the students for instance, public schools with students of different or varying races such as the black American and the whites (Rigby, 2007, p. 36). In such schools, segregation of students by race is highly witness with white students bullying black American students because of ethnicity background (Beane, 2010, p. 25). Nearly in every school there is a certain level of bullying because bullying is perceived as a school culture whereby students nickname each other, insult, and punch or kick each other. Statistically, in every 100 fresher’s, at least twenty percent are bullied by senior students. Second year students are said to practice bullying more often than any other students because they tend to think that first years are powerless students in school. The research findi ngs indicated that schools with high levels of bullying experiences low levels of academic performance among the students. For instance, according to Beane (2010), 90% of bullied students attain poor grades in school because their concentration is interfered with by bullies (Beane, 2010, p. 43). Conclusion Bullying in schools is highly associated with the level of discipline practiced in schools meaning that schools with low levels of disciplines provides fertile grounds for aggressive behaviors leading to incidences of bullying. As mentioned within the context of the study, bullying is applicable in every public school in varying levels of implications. Africa- American students are prone to bullying by the whites students in America public schools. Bullying can only be eliminated if discipline is given a place to play in school but it is quite difficult to clear or do away with bullying in its totality because it is perceived by students as a school culture. References Beane, A. L . (2010). Bullying prevention for schools: A step-by-step guide to implementing a successful anti-bullying program. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Espelage, L. D. Swearer, M. (2004).Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention. New York, NY: Routledge.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bullying in school specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More McGrath, M. J. (2006).School bullying: Tools for avoiding harm and liability. London: Corwin Press. Olweus, D. (1993).Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. New York, NY: Wiley-Blackwell. Rigby, K. (2007). Bullying in schools and what to do about it: Revised and updated. London: Aust Council for Ed Research. Rigby, K. (2010). Bullying interventions in schools: Six basic approaches. London: Aust Council for Ed Research. Smith, P., Pepler, D.J Rigby, K. (2004). Bullying in schools: How successful can interventions b e? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Van- Krieken, R., Habibis, D., Smith, P., et al (2010). Sociology. 4 Edn. Sydney: Pearson Education. This essay on Bullying in school was written and submitted by user Audrianna Johnston to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Ancient Practice of Bloodletting in Archaeology

The Ancient Practice of Bloodletting in Archaeology Bloodlettingpurposefully cutting the human body to release bloodis an ancient ritual, associated with both healing and sacrifice. Bloodletting was a regular form of medical treatment for ancient Greeks, with its benefits debated by scholars such as Hippocrates and Galen. Bloodletting in Central America Bloodletting or auto-sacrifice was a cultural trait of most of the societies in Mesoamerica, beginning with the Olmec perhaps as early as 1200 AD. This type of religious sacrifice involved a person using a sharp instrument such as an agave spine or sharks tooth to pierce a fleshy part of his own body. The resulting blood would drip onto a lump of copal incense or piece of cloth or bark paper, and then those materials would be burned. According to historical records of the Zapotec , Mixtec, and Maya, burning blood was one way to communicate with the sky gods. Artifacts associated with bloodletting include sharks teeth, maguey thorns, stingray spines, and obsidian blades. Specialized elite materialsobsidian eccentrics, greenstone picks, and spoonsare thought to have been used for elite bloodletting sacrifices in the  Formative period and later cultures. Bloodletting Spoons A so-called bloodletting spoon is a type of artifact discovered on many Olmec archaeological sites. Although there is some variety, the spoons generally have a flattened tail or blade, with a thickened end. The thick part has a shallow off-center bowl on one side and a second, smaller bowl on the other side. Spoons usually have a small hole pierced through them, and in Olmec art are often depicted as hanging from peoples clothing or ears. Bloodletting spoons have been recovered from Chalcatzingo, Chacsinkin, and Chichà ©n Itz; the images are found carved in murals and on stone sculptures at San Lorenzo, Cascajal, and Loma del Zapote. Olmec Spoon Functions The real function of the Olmec spoon has long been debated. Theyre called bloodletting spoons because originally scholars believed them to have been for holding blood from auto-sacrifice, the ritual of personal bloodletting. Some scholars still prefer that interpretation, but others have suggested spoons were for holding paints, or for use as snuffing platforms for taking hallucinogens, or even that they were effigies of the Big Dipper constellation. In a recent article in Ancient Mesoamerica, Billie J. A. Follensbee suggests Olmec spoons were part of a hitherto unrecognized toolkit for textile production. Her argument is in part based on the shape of the tool, which approximates bone weaving battens recognized in several Central American cultures, including some from Olmec sites. Follansbee also identifies several other tools made of elite greenstone or obsidian, such as spindle whorls, picks, and plaques, that could have been used in weaving or cord-making techniques. Sources Follensbee, Billie J. A. 2008. Fiber technology and weaving in formative-period Gulf Coast cultures. Ancient Mesoamerica 19:87-110. Marcus, Joyce. 2002. Blood and Bloodletting. Pp 81-82 in Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia, Susan Toby Evans and David L. Webster, eds. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York. Fitzsimmons, James L., Andrew Scherer, Stephen D. Houston, and Hector L. Escobedo 2003 Guardian of the Acropolis: The Sacred Space of a Royal Burial at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 14(4):449-468.